Dries Buytaert

Explanation

The date and time at which the request was made. A browser uses it for age calculations rather than using its own internal date and time; e.g. when comparing against Max-Age or Expires.

The type of the message body, specified as a MIME type.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
expires= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie using a specific date.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
Notice samesite=lax instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites), with one exception. The cookie will be sent when a user is navigating to the origin site from an external site (for example, when following a link). To improve protection against cross-site request forgery attacks, set to samesite=strict.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
expires= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie using a specific date.
domain= sets the domain to which the cookie will be sent.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
Notice samesite=lax instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites), with one exception. The cookie will be sent when a user is navigating to the origin site from an external site (for example, when following a link). To improve protection against cross-site request forgery attacks, set to samesite=strict.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
expires= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie using a specific date.
domain= sets the domain to which the cookie will be sent.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
Notice samesite=lax instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites), with one exception. The cookie will be sent when a user is navigating to the origin site from an external site (for example, when following a link). To improve protection against cross-site request forgery attacks, set to samesite=strict.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
max-age= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie in seconds.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
Notice samesite=lax instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites), with one exception. The cookie will be sent when a user is navigating to the origin site from an external site (for example, when following a link). To improve protection against cross-site request forgery attacks, set to samesite=strict.
secure instructs the browser to only send the cookie back when HTTPS requests are used, making it more resistant to man-in-the-middle attacks.
httponly forbids JavaScript from accessing the cookie. Helps mitigate the risk of client side scripts accessing a protected cookie.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
max-age= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie in seconds.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
Notice samesite=lax instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites), with one exception. The cookie will be sent when a user is navigating to the origin site from an external site (for example, when following a link). To improve protection against cross-site request forgery attacks, set to samesite=strict.
secure instructs the browser to only send the cookie back when HTTPS requests are used, making it more resistant to man-in-the-middle attacks.
httponly forbids JavaScript from accessing the cookie. Helps mitigate the risk of client side scripts accessing a protected cookie.

rel="preconnect" informs the browser that the page intends to establish a connection to the specified server. To reduce latency and optimize performance, the browser is encouraged to establish an HTTP connection as soon as possible. Preconnecting is used when the hostname is known, but the exact URL not yet.

A unique identifier that changes every time a page at a given URL changes. It acts as a fingerprint. A cache can compare Etag values to see if the page has changed and became stale. For example, a browsers will send the ETag value of a cached page in an If-None-Match header. The web server compares the ETag value sent by the browser with the ETag value of the current version of the page. If both values are the same, the web server sends back a 304 Not Modified status and no body. This particular Etag value starts with w/ which means that it is a weak identifier; while unlikely, multiple pages might have the same identifier. Weak identifiers are used because strong identifiers can be difficult and costly to generate.

X-Frame-Options prevents this URL from being embedded in an iframe. This protects against clickjacking attacks.
deny means that this page can never be displayed in an iframe. It's the most secure option.

The Content Security Policy (CSP) header helps prevent cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other code injection attacks by specifying which dynamic resources are allowed to load.
frame-ancestors defines what parents may embed a page using <frame>, <iframe>, <object>, <embed> or <applet>.
upgrade-insecure-requests instructs browsers to replace insecure URLs (HTTP) with secure URLs (HTTPS).

The Strict-Transport-Security header (HSTS) instructs browsers to only use HTTPS for future connections to this domain, enhancing security by preventing downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking.
max-age specifies the time, in seconds, that the browser should remember to use HTTPS only for this domain.
Notice For optimal security, consider increasing max-age to at least 31,536,000 seconds (1 year), especially if you're considering preloading.

The Vary header specifies a list of headers that must be considered when caching responses. For a cached response to be used, these headers must match between the cached response and the new request. This ensures that the appropriate version of a resource is served based on factors like language, encoding, or device type.

The alt-svc header advertises alternative services for accessing the same resource, enabling protocol negotiation and potential performance improvements.
h3 indicates that HTTP/3 is supported. Variants like h3-29 refer to specific drafts of the HTTP/3 protocol.
ma=86400 specifies that the alternative service information is fresh for 86400 seconds.

Specifies the page's intended audience. For example, en-US means that the document is intended for English language speakers in the United States. The language tags are defined in RFC 5646.

Some of the software used to generate or serve this page.

Communicates one or more metrics for a given request-response cycle. Can includes metrics for CPU time, database read/writes, file system access, etc.

Communicates one or more metrics for a given request-response cycle. Can includes metrics for CPU time, database read/writes, file system access, etc.

A unique identifier for the HTTP request. This can be useful for tracking a request through complex systems or for debugging purposes.

Warning The dynamic status indicates that Cloudflare did not cache the requested HTML page, similar to a "cache miss". By default, Cloudflare caches static assets such as images, CSS, and JavaScript but excludes HTML due to its dynamic nature. To cache HTML content, change the 'Cache Level' setting from dynamic to cache everything in Cloudflare. This adjustment allows HTML pages to be cached, leveraging Cloudflare's global network for faster and more efficient content delivery.

This header is part of the Reporting API specification. They are used to configure the reporting of network errors and other issues to a specified endpoint.
The Report-To header specifies where reports should be sent.
group defines the reporting group. Groups allow reports to be grouped logically; e.g. there could be a group for network errors and a second group for browser feature deprecation reports.
max_age defines the number of seconds the browser should remember these settings. Prevents the browser from having to parse the JSON on each request.
endpoints defines one or more URLs where the reports need to be send to. Multiple URLs can be specified for failover and load-balancing. Endpoints can be assigned a weight to distribute load, with each endpoint receiving a specified fraction of the reporting traffic. Endpoints can also be assigned a priority to set up fallback collectors.

This header is part of the Reporting API specification. They are used to configure the reporting of network errors and other issues to a specified endpoint.
The NEL (Network Error Logging) header configures the reporting of network errors.
report_to defines the reporting group that reports for this NEL policy will be sent to. The reporting group details are specified in the Report-To header.
max_age defines the number of seconds the browser should remember these settings. Prevents the browser from having to parse the JSON on each request.
success_fraction defines the sampling rate that should be applied to reports about successful network requests. Its value must be a number between 0.0 and 1.0: 0 means no successful requests should be reported, and 1 means that every successful request should be reported.

This header enables the browser's built-in XSS protection. However, it's considered legacy and modern browsers may ignore it.
1 enables the browser's cross-site scripting (XSS) filtering.
mode=block instructs the browser to block the response if a XSS attack is detected, instead of sanitizing the page.

The X-Content-Type-Options header, when set to nosniff, prevents MIME type sniffing. This enhances security by ensuring browsers respect the declared Content-Type of the response, mitigating MIME confusion attacks.
The value nosniff is correctly set, providing protection against MIME type sniffing attacks.

Instructs clients like Flash and Acrobat Reader what cross-domain policy they have to use. none is the most secure setting. Data can't be shared across domains.

Alters the download dialog by removing the "Open with" option. Only supported by Internet Explorer.

The cf-ray header provides a unique identifier for each request through Cloudflare. It's useful for troubleshooting and tracking requests in Cloudflare logs.

missing Add a Referrer-Policy header. When a visitor navigates from one page to another, browsers often pass along referrer information. The Referrer-Policy header controls how much referrer information a browser can share. This is important to configure when private information is embedded in the path or query string and passed onto an external destination.

missing Add a Permissions-Policy header. Restrict access to device features like the camera, microphone, location, accelerometer and much more.

missing Add a Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy to specify how this page can be loaded by cross-origin resources.

missing Add a Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header to opt-in into better browser isolation.

missing Add a Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header to specify who can load this page.