Dries Buytaert

Explanation

The date and time at which the request was made. A browser uses it for age calculations rather than using its own internal date and time; e.g. when comparing against Max-Age or Expires.

The type of the message body, specified as a MIME type.

Some of the software used to generate or serve this page.
Warning Sharing too many details about a server or web application makes it easier for hackers to target a website. Avoid specific version numbers such as 8.3.30, especially when running software that is end-of-life and/or has known security bugs. Consider removing this header. At a miminum, remove any version number.

Some of the software used to generate or serve this page.

This Expires date is in the past: the page is considered stale and will be removed from all caches.
Notice Because there is a Cache-Control header with a max-age and/or s-maxage directive, the Expires header will be ignored. Consider removing Expires to save bandwidth and processing power.
PS: November 19th is my birthday! 🎂

no-cache means the response can be stored by any cache, but the stored response must be validated with the origin server before each reuse. If the origin confirms that the response hasn't changed, downloading of the full response body can be skipped.
Warning no-cache will cause a revalidation request to the origin server for every use of the cached response. Consider using public with appropriate max-age to improve caching efficiency.
Warning no-store means the response may not be stored in any cache, including the browser's cache.
max-age=0 with must-revalidate means caching is disabled and all requests must be validated with the origin server.
no-transform indicates that no transformations or conversions should be made to the page (e.g. it prevents shared caches from converting image formats in order to save cache space or bandwidth).
Notice It does not make sense to set must-revalidate with no-store; when nothing is cached, there is nothing to revalidate.
Notice It does not make sense to set must-revalidate with no-cache; must-revalidate is implied.
Notice no-store is set, so it does not make sense to set no-cache as well.
Notice pre-check is a legacy directive introduced by Internet Explorer 5 and is no longer supported. No other browser supports it. Including pre-check is unnecessary, wastes bandwidth and processing power.
Notice post-check is a legacy directive introduced by Internet Explorer 5 and is no longer supported. No other browser supports it. Including post-check is unnecessary, wastes bandwidth and processing power.

Warning The page can't be cached by any shared caches such as Varnish or a CDN. If the page is something everybody can access, this behavior is not desired.
Notice Pragma is a HTTP/1.0 header. This request uses HTTP/1.1. In HTTP/1.1, Pragma is deprecated and superseded by the Cache-Control header. Remove Pragma to save bandwidth and processing power.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
expires= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie using a specific date.
max-age= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie in seconds.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
samesite=strict instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites). Cookies are only send with requests originating from the same site that set the cookie.
httponly forbids JavaScript from accessing the cookie. Helps mitigate the risk of client side scripts accessing a protected cookie.

A cookie that was sent from the server to the browser.
expires= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie using a specific date.
max-age= sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie in seconds.
path= indicates the path that must exist in the requested URL for the browser to send the cookie.
Notice samesite=lax instructs the browser not to share the cookie with third-party sites (e.g. when loading images, videos or frames from other sites), with one exception. The cookie will be sent when a user is navigating to the origin site from an external site (for example, when following a link). To improve protection against cross-site request forgery attacks, set to samesite=strict.
httponly forbids JavaScript from accessing the cookie. Helps mitigate the risk of client side scripts accessing a protected cookie.

The X-Content-Type-Options header, when set to nosniff, prevents MIME type sniffing. This enhances security by ensuring browsers respect the declared Content-Type of the response, mitigating MIME confusion attacks.
The value nosniff is correctly set, providing protection against MIME type sniffing attacks.

X-Frame-Options prevents this URL from being embedded in an iframe. This protects against clickjacking attacks.
sameorigin means that this page can be displayed in a iframe, but only on the currrent origin. It can't be displayed on another domain. Consider setting this to deny for added security.

When a visitor navigates from one page to another page, browsers often pass along referrer information. The Referrer-Policy header controls how much referrer information a browser can share. This is important because private information can be embedded in the path or query string.
strict-origin-when-cross-origin means that the protocol, host, port, path and query string are shared for same-site requests. For cross-site requests, protocol, host, and port are shared, but only when the protocol security level remains the same (HTTP → HTTP, HTTPS → HTTPS). For cross-site requests where the protocol becomes less secure (HTTPS → HTTP), nothing is shared.

The Content Security Policy (CSP) header helps prevent cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other code injection attacks by specifying which dynamic resources are allowed to load.
upgrade-insecure-requests instructs browsers to replace insecure URLs (HTTP) with secure URLs (HTTPS).

The Strict-Transport-Security header (HSTS) instructs browsers to only use HTTPS for future connections to this domain, enhancing security by preventing downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking.
max-age specifies the time, in seconds, that the browser should remember to use HTTPS only for this domain.

The date and time at which the origin server believes the page was last modified.
Notice According to the Last-Modified header the site's content was changed less than ten minutes ago. If that is not the case, consider fixing your Last-Modified headers to improve caching.

This header is part of the Reporting API specification. They are used to configure the reporting of network errors and other issues to a specified endpoint.
The NEL (Network Error Logging) header configures the reporting of network errors.
report_to defines the reporting group that reports for this NEL policy will be sent to. The reporting group details are specified in the Report-To header.
max_age defines the number of seconds the browser should remember these settings. Prevents the browser from having to parse the JSON on each request.
success_fraction defines the sampling rate that should be applied to reports about successful network requests. Its value must be a number between 0.0 and 1.0: 0 means no successful requests should be reported, and 1 means that every successful request should be reported.

Warning The dynamic status indicates that Cloudflare did not cache the requested HTML page, similar to a "cache miss". By default, Cloudflare caches static assets such as images, CSS, and JavaScript but excludes HTML due to its dynamic nature. To cache HTML content, change the 'Cache Level' setting from dynamic to cache everything in Cloudflare. This adjustment allows HTML pages to be cached, leveraging Cloudflare's global network for faster and more efficient content delivery.

This header is part of the Reporting API specification. They are used to configure the reporting of network errors and other issues to a specified endpoint.
The Report-To header specifies where reports should be sent.
group defines the reporting group. Groups allow reports to be grouped logically; e.g. there could be a group for network errors and a second group for browser feature deprecation reports.
max_age defines the number of seconds the browser should remember these settings. Prevents the browser from having to parse the JSON on each request.
endpoints defines one or more URLs where the reports need to be send to. Multiple URLs can be specified for failover and load-balancing. Endpoints can be assigned a weight to distribute load, with each endpoint receiving a specified fraction of the reporting traffic. Endpoints can also be assigned a priority to set up fallback collectors.

The cf-ray header provides a unique identifier for each request through Cloudflare. It's useful for troubleshooting and tracking requests in Cloudflare logs.

The alt-svc header advertises alternative services for accessing the same resource, enabling protocol negotiation and potential performance improvements.
h3 indicates that HTTP/3 is supported. Variants like h3-29 refer to specific drafts of the HTTP/3 protocol.
ma=86400 specifies that the alternative service information is fresh for 86400 seconds.

missing Add a Permissions-Policy header. Restrict access to device features like the camera, microphone, location, accelerometer and much more.

missing Add a Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy to specify how this page can be loaded by cross-origin resources.

missing Add a Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header to opt-in into better browser isolation.

missing Add a Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header to specify who can load this page.

missing Add a X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies header to prevent Flash, Adobe Reader and other clients from sharing data across domains.